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Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition characterized by extreme mood swings that include emotional highs (mania or hypomania) and lows (depression). These mood swings can affect energy levels, activity levels, judgment, behavior, and the ability to think clearly.
There are several types of bipolar disorder, including bipolar I disorder, bipolar II disorder, cyclothymic disorder, and other specified and unspecified bipolar and related disorders. Bipolar I disorder involves manic episodes, while bipolar II disorder involves hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.
Symptoms of bipolar disorder can vary depending on the type and severity of the mood episode. Manic symptoms may include elevated mood, increased energy, racing thoughts, and reckless behavior. Depressive symptoms may include sadness, fatigue, changes in sleep or appetite, and thoughts of death or suicide.
Bipolar disorder is typically diagnosed by a mental health professional based on a thorough evaluation of symptoms, medical history, and family history. The clinician may also use diagnostic criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).
Treatment for bipolar disorder often includes a combination of medication, such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, or antidepressants, and psychotherapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) or interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT). Lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a regular sleep schedule and avoiding alcohol and drugs, can also be beneficial.
